Acolyte Band Woodwinds

What brand of Clarinet Reed is best to use?

those used to say Ive had rich but everyone tells me VANDOREN. I have a cane VANDOREN again and I can not play with him. ughh i sound airy and any advice on how to fix this problem?

Well, in middle school who used Rico, but once I started playing in high school I started using Vandoren. I asked my band director in middle school one day and said that Rico are as well as Vandoren although most people practice with Rico and alternate with Vandoren. There was not much of a difference to me until I had broken my rod Vandoren first (then I realized it sounded clearer). I think the only reason to experience problems is because you have not used the cane for a while. If you takes any brand of a reed (Vandoren or Rico) who have not had before and pop into your mouth (as would my manager), before a big concert that sound horrible go by time until its bankruptcy. Unless you have begun receiving a new size of a cane, then the problem should disappear after the long cane, is not "new" anymore.

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Madagascar

History
Main article: History of Madagascar
As part of eastern Gondwana, the territory of Madagascar Africa Division approximately 160 million years ago, the island of Madagascar was created when it separated from the Indian subcontinent between 80 and 100 million years. Most archaeologists estimate that the human settlement of Madagascar happened between 200 and 500 AD, when seafarers from southeast Asia (probably from Borneo or the southern Celebes) arrived in sailing canoes support. Bantu settlers probably crossed the Mozambique Channel to Madagascar at about the same time or shortly thereafter. However, Malagasy tradition and ethnographic evidence suggests that they may have been preceded by hunting and gathering Mikea. The Anteimoro who established a kingdom in southern Madagascar, in the Middle Ages have their origin to immigrants Somalia.
The written history of Madagascar began in the seventh century, when Muslims established trading posts along the northwest coast. During the Middle Ages the kings of the island began to extend their power through trade with neighboring Indian Ocean, including Arabic, Persian and Somali traders connected to Madagascar Eastern Africa, Middle East and India.
Large chiefdoms began to dominate large areas of the island. Among these were the Sakalava chiefdoms of Menabe, centered in what is now is the town of Morondava, and of Boina, focusing on what is now the capital of the province of Mahajanga (Majunga). The influence of the Sakalava extended across what are now the provinces Antsiranana, Mahajanga and Toliara. Madagascar was a major transoceanic commercial port on the east coast of Africa that led to Africa's trade route silk road, and serves as a port for incoming ships.
The wealth created in Madagascar through trade has created a system ruled by powerful monarchs known regional as Maroserana. These monarchs adopted the cultural traditions of the subjects in their territories and expanded their kingdoms. They took on the divine status, and new nobility and craft classes were created. Madagascar worked in the East African Middle Ages as a port of contact for other port Swahili city-state, as Sofala, Kilwa, Mombasa and Zanzibar.
Contact with Europeans began in 1500 when the Portuguese captain Diogo Dias sighted the island Tues after his ship separated from a fleet going to India. The Portuguese factory continued with the islanders and the name of the island to Loureno (San Lorenzo). In 1666, François Caron, the Director General of the newly formed company French West Indies, sailed to Madagascar. The company failed to establish a colony on Madagascar but established ports on the nearby islands of Bourbon and Ile-de-France (Runion today and Mauritius). In the 17th century, the French established trading posts along the east coast.
The most famous pirate utopia is the Captain Misson and his pirate crew, who allegedly founded the colony free of Libertatia in northern Madagascar in the 17th century. From about 1774-1824, Madagascar was the haunt of pirates, including Americans, one of whom brought Malagasy rice to South Carolina. Many European sailors were shipwrecked on the shores of the island, among them Robert Drury, whose diary is one of the few written representations of life in southern Madagascar during the 18th century. Sailors sometimes called Madagascar Island the Moon. "
Andrianampoinimerina
(1795-1819)
I Radama
(1810-1828)
Ranavalona I
(1828-1861)
Radama II
(1861-1863)
Rasoherina
(1863-1868)
Ranavalona II
(1868-1883)
Ranavalona III
(1883-1897)
Since the 1790s, the rulers Merina succeeded in establishing hegemony over the greater part of the island, including the coast. In 1817, the Merina ruler and the British governor of Mauritius concluded of a treaty abolishing the slave trade, which had been important in Madagascar's economy. In return, the island received British military and financial aid. The British influence remained strong for several decades, during which the Merina court turned Presbyterianism, Congregationalism and Anglicanism.
With the domain Indian Ocean by the Royal Navy and the end of the Arab slave trade, western Sakalava lost their power to the new situation Merina. The East Coast Betsimisaraka also unified, but this union soon faltered.
Queen Ranavalona I "the Cruel" (r. 1828-1861) issued a royal edict prohibiting the practice of Christianity in Madagascar. By some estimates, 150,000 Christians died during the reign of Ranavalona. The island became more isolated, and trade with other nations reached a point dead.
France invaded Madagascar in 1883 in what became known as the Franco-Hova War seeking to restore property that had been confiscated from French citizens. (Hova is one of three Merina classes: andriana aristocracy, ordinary people Hova, ANOVA slaves. Hova The term was used erroneously by the French in the sense Merina.) At the end of the war, Madagascar ceded Antsiranana (Diego Suarez) on the north coast of France and paid 560,000 francs to the heirs of Joseph-François Lambert. In 1890, the British accepted the full formal imposition of a French protectorate.
In 1895, a French flight landed in column Mahajanga (Majunga) and marched to the capital, Antananarivo, where the city's defenders surrendered quickly. Twenty French soldiers died fighting and 6,000 died of malaria and other diseases before of the Franco-Hova War ended.
After the conclusion of hostilities, in 1896 France annexed Madagascar. The Merina monarchy 103-year-old ended with the royal family being sent into exile in Algeria.
During World War II, Malagasy troops fought in France, Morocco and Syria. Some leaders proposal in Nazi Germany to deport all Jews from Europe to Madagascar (Madagascar Plan) but nothing came of this. After France fell to Germany, Vichy government administered Madagascar. During the Battle of Madagascar, United Kingdom troops occupied the island in 1942 to avoid capture by the Japanese, after which the French was free of charge.
In 1947, with the prestige of France at its lowest point, the lifting of Madagascar exploded. Was abolished after more than a year feuds, with 8000 killed 90,000 people. French institutions later established reformed in 1956 under the Loi Cadre (Overseas Reform Act), and Madagascar moved peacefully toward independence. The Malagasy Republic was proclaimed on October 14, 1958, as an autonomous state within the French community. A period of provisional government ended with the adoption of a constitution in 1959 and full independence on June 26, 1960. In 2006 the country experienced a coup attempt.
Policy
Main articles: Government and Politics of Madagascar Madagascar
Although the current head of state has been self-proclaimed himself Madagascar usually a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Madagascar is head of government, and a disambiguation [manifold required] multiparty system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the government and the Senate and National Assembly. The judiciary is independent of executive and the legislature.
The political situation in Madagascar has been marked by the struggle for control. After Madagascar gained independence from France in 1960, assassinations, military coups and the disputed election prominently.
Didier Ratsiraka took power in a military coup in 1975 and ruled until 2001, with a brief break when he was expelled in early 1990. When Marc Ravalomanana and Ratsiraka both claimed victory after presidential elections in December 2001, supporters Ratsiraka tried to block the capital, Antananarivo, which was in favor of Ravalomanana. After eight months of sporadic violence with considerable economic crisis, count in April 2002 by the High Constitutional Court pronounced Ravalomanana president, but it was not until July that Ratsiraka fled to France and got Ravalomanana control of the country.
Internal conflict in Madagascar has been minimal in the following years and, since 2002, Ravalomanana and his party,-I-Madagasikara Tiako (TIM), have dominated political life. In an attempt to restrict the power and influence of the president, prime minister and parliament of 150 seats have been given greater power in recent years.
The tension and that is generally associated with elections. The presidential elections took place in December 2006 to some protests over worsening conditions of life, despite a government campaign to eradicate poverty. Calls by a retired army general in November 2006 for Ravalomanana to step down is said to be "evil interpreted "as an attempted coup.
2009 Madagascar protests
Main article: 2009 protest Madagascar
The latest and current wave violence pitted against then-President Marc Ravalomanana Rajoelina Andry, former mayor of the capital, Antananarivo. Since the fighting began to power on January 26, more than 170 people died. Rajoelina mobilized its supporters to take to the streets of Antananarivo to demand dismissal of Ravalomanana because of his alleged "autocratic" style of government.
Ravalomanana resignation
After losing the support of the military and Rajoelina under intense pressure, President Ravalomanana resigned on 17 March 2009. Ravalomanana ceded his powers to a military loyal to himself council headed by Vice Admiral Ramaroson Hyppolite. The army said the move was a ploy by Ravalomanana "And said he would support Rajoelina as a leader. Rajoelina had already declared himself the new leader a month earlier and has since assumed the role of acting chairman. Nun Roindefo has appointed as prime minister. Rajoelina announced that elections will be held in two years and that the Constitution would be amended.
The Union European and other international bodies, has refused to recognize the new government, because it is installed by the strength. The African Union, which proceeded to suspend the membership Madagascar on 20 March and the Southern African Development Community criticized both the forced resignation of Ravalomanana. Kingdom spokesman Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said he was "deeply concerned by the developments in Madagascar."
The provinces and regions
Main articles: Provinces Madagascar and the regions of Madagascar
Madagascar is currently divided into six autonomous provinces (mizakatena faritany), and subdivided into 22 regions (faritra) the latter created in 2004. The regions are the highest level of subdivision in which the provinces are dissolved according to the results of the referendum of 04 April 2007 what the October 4, 2009.
Antananarivo (1)
Analamanga
Bongolava
Itasy
Vakinankaratra
Antsiranana (2)
Diana
Sava
Fianarantsoa (3)
Amoron'i Mania
Atsimo-Atsinanana
Haute-Matsiatra
Ihorombe
Vatovavy-Fitovinany
Mahajanga (4)
Betsiboka
Boeny
Melaky
Sofia
Toamasina (5)
Alaotra Mangoro
Analanjirofo
Atsinanana
Toliara (6)
Androy
Anosy
Atsimo-Andrefana
Menabe
The regions are subdivided into 116 districts, 1,548 municipalities and 16 969 fokontany. Large cities have a special status as urbaine commune "in the same district level.
Geography
Main article: Geography of Madagascar
Isalo National Park
At 587,000 km sq (227,000 sq miles), Madagascar is the world's 46th largest country and the fourth largest island. It is slightly larger than France, and is one of the 11 provinces physiographic other than South Africa Platform physiographic division.
Towards the east, has a steep slope of the central highlands down into a tape rainforest with a narrow coastal further east. The Canal des Pangalanes a chain of natural and artificial lakes connected by channels running parallel to the East Coast of some 460 km (286 miles) (about two thirds of the island). The descent from the central plateau to the west is more gradual, with remnants of deciduous forest and the savanna-like plains (in the south and southwest, are quite dry and host spiny desert and baobabs). On the west coast are many protected harbors, but sedimentation a serious problem posed by the sediments of high levels of erosion inland.
Along the crest of this ridge lie the central highlands, a Plateau region of height ranging from 2450-4400 feet (747-1341 m) above sea level. The central highlands are characterized by terraces, valleys of rice producers lying between barren hills. Here, the red laterite soil that covers much of the island has been exposed by erosion, showing clearly why the country regards often as the "Red Island."
the island's highest peak, Maromokotro, at 2876 meters (9440 feet), is found in the Tsaratanana Massif, located at the end north. Ankaratra Massif is located in the central south of the capital Antananarivo and hosts the third highest mountain in the island, Tsiafajavona, with an altitude of 2642 meters (8670 feet). Farther south is the Andringitra massif which has several peaks over 2,400 meters (7900 feet), including the highest peaks in the second and fourth Imarivolanitra Peak, better known as Boby Peak (2658 meters / 8720 feet) and Pic Bory (2630 meters / 8600 feet). Other peaks in the massif include Soaindra Peak (2620 meters / 8600 feet) and Pic Ivangomena (2556 meters / 8390 feet). This massif also contains the Andringitra Reserve. Rarely, this region experiences snow in winter due to its high altitude.
There are two seasons: a hot, rainy season from November to April and a cooler, dry season from May to October. South East trade winds and the island occasionally experiences cyclones.
Ecology
Main articles: Fauna of Madagascar, Ecoregions of Madagascar and Agroecology Madagascar
Tsingy in Madagascar
Madagascar's long isolation from neighboring continents has resulted in a unique mix of plants and animals, many found in Nowhere else in the world, some ecologists refer to as the continent Madagascar "eighth." Of the 10,000 plants native to Madagascar, 90% are found nowhere else in the world. varied fauna and flora of Madagascar are endangered by human activity, such as one third of its native vegetation has disappeared since the 1970s, and only 18% remains intact. Since the arrival of humans 2,000 years ago, Madagascar has lost more than 90% of its original forest. The elephant bird, flightless birds that were Giant native of Madagascar, have been extinct since at least the 17th century. Aepyornis was the world's largest bird, believed to have been more than 3 meters (10 feet) tall.
Most lemurs are endangered or threatened species. Many species have become extinct in recent centuries, mainly due to destruction habitat and hunting.
The eastern, or windward side of the island is home to tropical rainforests, while the western and southern sides, which are in the rain shadow of the central highlands, are home to tropical dry forests, thorn forests and deserts and xeric shrublands. Madagascar dry deciduous rain forests has been preserved generally better than the rain forests of eastern or central plateau, presumably due to historically low population density. Madagascar has several national parks.
The indri is one of the 99 recognized species and subspecies of lemurs found only in Madagascar.
Extensive deforestation has taken place in parts of the country, some due to mining operations. Slash and burn activity, locally called tavy, has occurred in the dry forests of eastern and western and in the central plateau, reducing certain forest habitat and applying pressure to some endangered species. The slash and burn agriculture is a method sometimes used by shifting cultivators to create short-term yields from marginal soils. When practiced repeatedly without intervening periods fallow, nutrient-poor soils, may be exhausted or eroded to an unproductive state. The resulting increased surface runoff burnt land has caused a significant erosion and resulting high sedimentation of the western rivers.
As part of conservation efforts, the Wildlife Conservation Society has recently opened a Madagascar! exhibit at the Bronx Zoo. The New York Academy of Sciences has just published a podcast on Madagascar! exhibition detailing the fauna and flora Madagascar and what types of projects, WCS is involved with in the country. The Podcast can be heard here
Madagascar is represented in standard FIPS Geographical 10-4 coding the symbol MA.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Madagascar
Antananarivo is the political capital Madagascar's economic and
Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a pillar of the economy. The main exports are coffee, vanilla (Madagascar is the the largest producer and exporter of vanilla), sugar cane, cloves, cocoa, rice, cassava (manioc), beans, bananas, peanuts and livestock products. Vanilla has historically been of particular importance, and when in 1985 Coca-Cola moved to New Coca-Cola involved less vanilla, Madagascar's economy fell sharply, but returned to previous levels after the return of Coca-Cola Classic.
Structural reforms began in the late 1980s, initially under pressure international financial institutions, especially the World Bank. An initial privatization program (19881993) and the development of an export processing zone (EPZ) regime in the 1990s is a key milestone in this effort. A period of significant stagnation from 1991 to 1996 was followed by five years' strong growth accelerating economic growth and foreign investment, driven by a second wave of privatizations [citation needed] and the development of EPZs. Although structural reforms advanced, governance remained weak and perceived corruption in Madagascar was extremely high. During the period of strong growth from 1997 to 2001, poverty remains stubbornly high, especially in rural areas. A six-month political crisis triggered by a dispute over election results presidential elections in December 2001 virtually halted economic activity in much of the country in the first half of 2002. Real GDP fell by 12.7% for the year 2002, inflows of foreign investment dropped sharply, and the looming crisis tarnished Madagascar's reputation as a star of the AGOA and a promising place to invest. After the crisis, the economy rebounded with GDP growth of over 10% in 2003. currency depreciation and rising of inflation in 2004 have hampered economic performance, but growth for the year reached 5.3%, with inflation reaching 25% at the end of the year. In 2005 inflation was controlled by the restrictive monetary policy of raising the Taux Directeur (central bank rate) to 16% and the tightening of the requirements reserves for banks. Thus, growth is expected to reach around 6.5% in 2005.
Following the 2002 political crisis, the government sought to establish a new course and build confidence, in coordination with international financial institutions and donors. Madagascar developed a recovery plan in collaboration with the private sector and donors and presented in a "Friends of Madagascar" conference organized by the World Bank in Paris in July 2002. Donor countries demonstrated their confidence in the new government by pledging $ 1 billion in assistance over five years. The Malagasy Government identified road infrastructure as its priority principal, and stressed its commitment to public-private partnership by establishing a joint public-private sector steering committee.
Rice in Madagascar
In 2000, Madagascar embarked on the preparation of a Strategy for Poverty Reduction (PRSP) under the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC). The advice of the IMF and World Bank agreed in December 2000 that the country had reached the decision point for debt relief under the Initiative HIPC Initiative and defined a set of conditions for Madagascar to reach completion point. In October 2004, the Boards of the IMF and World Bank determined that Madagascar had reached the completion point under the enhanced HIPC Initiative.
The Madagascar-United States Business Council was formed as a collaboration between the Agency United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and artisan producers in Madagascar Malagasian in 2002. The United States and Madagascar Business Council was created in the States U.S. in May 2003 and the two organizations continue to explore ways to work for the benefit of both groups.
The government of President Ravalomanana is aggressively pursuing of foreign investment and is tackling many of the obstacles to such investment, including combating corruption, reforming property laws of the land, study building techniques of American and European companies, and actively seeking foreign investors. President Ravalomanana rose to prominence through TIKO its agro-food company, and is known for trying to implement many of the lessons learned in the business of running the government. Some recent concerns have arisen about the conflict of interest between their policies and activities of their companies. Most notable among them preferential treatment for rice imports initiated by the government in late 2004 in response to a shortfall in production in the country.
Madagascar sources of growth are tourism, manufacturing exports textiles and light (Notably through the EPZs), agricultural products and mining. Madagascar is the world's largest producer of vanilla, accounting for approximately half of the world export market. Tourism niche market-driven eco-tourism, taking advantage of Madagascar's unique biodiversity, natural habitats virgin national parks and lemur species. Exports from the EPZs, located around Antananarivo and Antsirabe, constitute the majority clothing, addressed to the U.S. market under the AGOA and the European markets under the Everything But Arms agreement (EBA). Agricultural exports consist of small volumes of high value products like vanilla, litchi and essential oils. A small but growing economy based on mining of ilmenite, with investments emerging in recent years, particularly near Tulear and Fort Dauphin. Corporación Minera Rio Tinto Group expects to begin operations near Fort Dauphin in 2008, after several years of preparation of the infrastructure. The mining project is highly controversial, with Friends of the Earth and other environmental organizations filing reports to detail their concerns about the effects on the environment and local communities.
Autoclave enters Madagascar, 2008, as part of a new mining operation
Several major projects are underway in the mining and oil and gas, if successful, will give a significant boost to the economy of Madagascar.
In the mining sector, these include the development of coal in Sako and nickel near Tamatave. In oil Madagascar Oil is developing the vast oil field heavy soil and heavy oil field in ultra Tsimiroro Bemolanga.
Foreign Affairs
Main article: Foreign relations of Madagascar
Madagascar historically perceived as in the margin of the major African issues despite being a founding member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), founded in 1963. President Albert Zafy, who took office in 1993, expressed his hope that diplomatic relations with all countries. At the beginning of her mandate established formal ties with South Korea and sent emissaries to Morocco.
In 1997, globalization encouraged the government and President Ratsiraka to adhere to policies market-oriented world markets and to participate. External relations reflect this trend, although Madagascar's physical isolation and strong traditional insular orientation have limited its activity in regional economic organizations and relations with its East African neighbors. It enjoys closer and generally good relations with its neighbors Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Runion and the Comoros. Active relationships with Europe, especially France, Germany and Switzerland, as well as Britain, Russia, Japan, India and China have been strong since independence. More recently, President Ravalomanana has cultivated strong ties with the United States, and Madagascar was the first country to benefit the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA). Madagascar is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for United States and military (included in the art. 98).
The OAU was dissolved in 2002 and was replaced by the African Union. Madagascar was not allowed to attend the first summit African Union because of the dispute over election results in December 2001 but rejoined the African Union in July 2003 after a break 14 months caused by the 2002 political crisis. However, Madagascar was suspended again by the African Union in March 2009 due to the current political crisis.
During its president, Marc Ravalomanana, traveled widely to promote Madagascar abroad and consciously sought to strengthen relations with Anglophone countries as a means French influence balancing traditionally strong. He also cultivated strong ties with China during his tenure.
In November 2004, after an absence of almost 30 years, Madagascar has reopened its embassy in London. On December 15, 2004, the Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw, announced the closure of the British Embassy in Antananarivo to save 250,000 a year. He also announced an end to the aid of the government of Madagascar, the DFID-funded Small Grants scheme. The embassy closing in August 2005 despite petitions and protests from African heads of state, a European commissioner, the Malagasy Senate, many British companies, more about 30 NGOs operating in Madagascar, and members of public. [Citation needed]
The British Embassy was previously closed (also for economic reasons) from 1975 to 1980. Anglo-Malagasy Society are campaigning to be reopened.
Demography
Main article: Demographics of Madagascar
Antananarivo, Madagascar
Madagascar's population is mainly of mixed Austronesian (ieSouth-East Asian / Pacific Islander) and African origin. Those who are visibly Austronesian in appearance and culture are the minority who live mainly in the highlands. Recent research suggests that the island was uninhabited to Austronesian seafarers arrived about 1,500 to 2,000 years. The DNA research shows that the people of Madagascar are about half Austronesian and half East African descent, although some Arab influence is present in Europe and India along the coast. Madagascar shared language about 90% of the basic vocabulary of the language of the region Ma'anyan Barito River in southern Borneo.
Subsequent migrations from the East Indies and Africa consolidated this original mixture, and 36 separate tribal groups emerged. Austronesian features are most predominant in the Merina (3 million), the coastal people (called ctiers) are of African origin more clearly. The largest groups are the coastal Betsimisaraka (1.5 billion) and Tsimihety and Sakalava (700,000 each). Vetch live in the Southwest. Two of the southern tribes are the Antandroy and Antanosy. Other tribes are Tankarana (northern) and Sihanaka Bezanozano (East), Tanala (southeast), An-Taimoro, Tambahoaka, Zafisoro, A Taisaka and Timanambondro (south-east) and Mahafaly and Bara (south-west). Chinese and Indian minorities also exist, as well as Europeans, mainly French. The number Comorans residents in Madagascar was drastically reduced after anti-riot in Mahajanga Comoros in 1976.
During the French colonial administration (18951960) and some time after independence, people have been officially classified in ethnic groups. This practice was abandoned in the first census (1975) after independence, so any classification of the past and the figures for ethnic groups is an unofficial estimate. There is for instance no mention of ethnicity or religion in national identity documents. In addition, the territorial divisions (provinces, regions) do not follow any line of ethnic division, despite an attempt by the colonial administration in the 20th century. Ethnic divisions remain, and can cause violence, but their role is limited in today's society. Tensions Madagascar ethnic conflicts often lead to violence among the Merina mountain and coastal villages. regional political parties are rare, although some parts are most of its support in certain areas.
Only two general censuses of 1975 and 1993 have taken place after independence.
In 1993 (last census) there were 18 497 foreigners living in Madagascar, or 0.15% of the population.
Health
The fertility rate at around 5 children per woman. There are about 29 physicians per 100,000 people. Infant mortality was 74 per 1,000 live births in 2005. Life expectancy at birth was 58.4 in the early 21st century. Health spending was U.S. $ 29 (PPA) in 2004.
Language
Main article: Languages of Madagascar
The Malagasy language is of Malayo-Polynesian origin and is generally spoken throughout the island. Madagascar is a French-speaking and French is spoken among the educated population of this former French colony. English, although still little frequent, is increasingly widely spoken and in 2003, the government began a pilot project to introduce English teaching in primary grades 44 schools, hoping to take the project nationwide. Many Peace Corps volunteers are serving to further this effort and train teachers.
In first Constitution of 1958, in Madagascar and France have been named the official languages of the Republic of Madagascar.
No official languages were in the Constitution 1992. Instead, Madagascar was named the national language, however, many sources still insist that Malagasy and French are official languages, as they were de facto. In April 2000, a citizen filed a lawsuit on the grounds that the publication of official documents in the French language was unconstitutional. The Constitutional Court noted in its decision that, in the absence of a law on the language, the French still had the status of official language.
The Constitution of 2007, Madagascar remains the national language as official languages are reintroduced: Malagasy, French and English. The motivation for the inclusion of English is in part to improve relations with neighboring countries, where English is used and to encourage foreign direct investment.
Culture
Main article: Madagascar Culture
Malagasy culture reflects a mixture of Southeast Asian, Arab, African and European influences. Properties in Madagascar are typically four side with a gabled roof in a style common in Southeast Asia, rather than move the cottage style construction commonly found in Africa East. Rice is the basis of every meal in most of the country, including in Asia. The dishes prepared to accompany the rice vary depending on local availability food and are known as laoka.
Arab influence
Arab immigrants were few in number compared with the Indonesians and Bantus, but left a lasting impression. Madagascar names for seasons, months, days, and the coins are of Arab origin, as is the practice of circumcision, grain communal pool, and different forms of greeting. The Arab magicians, known as the ombiasy, settled in the courts of many Malagasy tribal kingdoms. Arab immigrants impose the patriarchal system of family and clan rule in Madagascar. Prior to the Arabs, the Malagasy practice Polynesian matriarchal system of rights and privileges property is attributed to both men and women.
Education
A significant proportion of the adult population is illiterate. The youth literacy rate women is below the literacy rate of young males. Public expenditure on education was 16.4% of total government spending in 2000-2007. Government current expenditure on primary education per student is approximately U.S. $ 57 (PPP). Madagascar has several universities.
Kitchen
Main article: Cuisine of Madagascar
Music
Main article: Music of Madagascar
Madagascar has a distinctive and rich musical heritage. Austronesian settlers brought the first with them the predecessor of the bamboo zither known as Valiha and other instruments that form the basis of the traditional music of Madagascar. The African influence is evident in certain styles polyharmonic drums and singing, while the trend towards minor chords along the coast reflects the influence Arabic music. European pirates also contributed to the musical traditions of Madagascar, the import of the guitar, accordion, piano and instruments used in the performance hiragasy including the violin, trumpet and clarinet.
Mythology
Main article: Madagascar mythology
The country has a tradition rich oratory as hainteny, kabary and ohabolana. An epic poem, the Ibonia has been passed down through the centuries in many different forms throughout the island and sample the lively and highly developed oral traditions of Madagascar.
Hainteny
Main article: hainteny
The zebu, or humped cattle, occupies an important place in culture Malagasy traditional. The animal can acquire a sacred importance and is the owner's wealth, a tradition that originates in the African continent. theft of cattle, originally a rite of passage for young men in plain areas of Madagascar, where the largest herds of cattle are kept, has become a dangerous and sometimes criminal enterprise mortal as pastors in the attempt to defend their cattle southwest of traditional spear against professional thieves increasingly armed. When African influences are stronger as in the southern region around Tulear, wealth and social status is measured in cattle and the zebu may outnumber people two or three to one. Zebu are a popular motif in aloalo, carved wooden posts to decorate graves among some tribes in the Southwest.
Andrianampoinimerina (about 17,451,810) is united the Merina kingdom, move its capital to Antananarivo from Ambohimanga and the construction of his palace, or Rova, in a strategic place in the highest summit of the hill overlooks the city. A series of cultural traditions, including hiragasy kabary and were popularized during the period of his administration.
Religion
Article Home: Religion in Madagascar
Traditional religion
Main article: Mythology of Madagascar
Approximately 50% of the country's population the practice of traditional religion, which tends to emphasize the links between the living and the dead. The Merina in the highlands particularly tend to hold strongly this practice. They believe that the combination of their dead ancestors in the ranks of divinity and that ancestors are very concerned about the fate of their living descendants. The Merina and Betsileo burial famadihana practice, or delivering the dead "celebrate this spiritual communion. In this ritual, relatives remains are removed from the family tomb, wrapped in new silk shrouds, and returned to the grave following festive ceremonies in their honor where sometimes the bodies are lifted and carried high above of the celebrants heads with singing and dancing before returning to the grave.
Traditionally, the Malagasy have their ancestors in high esteem and many believe continue to intervene in the events on Earth after her death. A powerful individual can establish a fady (taboo) in your life that all his descendants or members of the community should respect long after his death, that when traveling in Madagascar is advisable to seek the elders of the people or local authorities and investigate fady so as not to transgress unwittingly and offend the local population. This veneration of ancestors also rise to the tradition of the construction of the tomb and famadihana, a practice which remains as a member of the family of the deceased may be taken from the grave to be periodically re-wrapped in fresh shrouds of silk before being replaced in the grave. The event is an occasion to celebrate the memory of a loved one, meet with your family and community, and enjoy a festive atmosphere. Residents of nearby villages are often invited to attend the party, where food and rum are often served and a group hiragasy or musical entertainment is typically present.
Christianity
Main article: Roman Catholicism in Madagascar
See also: Christian persecution Ranavalona I #
Roman Catholic Cathedral in Antsirabe.
Today about 45% of the Malagasy are Christian, divided almost evenly between Catholics and Protestants. Many incorporate the cult of the dead with their religious beliefs and bless other their dead at church before proceeding with the traditional burial rites. You can also invite a Christian minister to attend a famadihana. Many Christian churches are influential in politics. The best example is the Council of Churches in Madagascar (FFKM) comprising the four oldest and most prominent names Christian (Catholic, Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar, Lutheran and Anglican). In the 19th century under Queen Ranavalona I, there was a great persecution and extermination infamous mass of Christians.
Islam
Main article: Islam in Madagascar
Islam in Madagascar is about 7% of the population. The Arab and Somali Muslim traders who first brought Islam in the Middle Ages had a profound influence on the West Coast. For example, many Malagasy converted to Islam and Malagasy the language was, for the first time, that is transcribed into an alphabet based on Arabic script, called Sorbian. Muslims are concentrated in the provinces of Mahajanga and Antsiranana (Diego Suarez). Muslims are divided between those of Malagasy ethnicity, Indians, Pakistanis and the Comoros.
Hinduism
Main article: Hinduism in Madagascar
Hinduism in Madagascar began with Gujarati of the Saurashtra region of India and in 1900, when Madagascar was a French colony. Most Hindus in Madagascar speak Gujarati or Hindi.
International Classification
Organization
Study
Ranking
Institute for Economy and Peace
Global Index Peace
72 of 144
United Nations Programme for Development
Human Development Index
182 145
Transparency International
Index Corruption Perceptions
99 out of 180
World Economic Forum
Global Competitiveness Report
121 of 133
See also
Main articles: Diagram of Madagascar and index of articles related to Madagascar
Military of Madagascar
Transport in Madagascar
Communications Madagascar
Malagasy Diplomatic missions
Skotisma Firaisan'ny eto Madagasikara
References
^ "Madagascar" is the right way in English; Madagascar Embassy, Washington DC "Madagascar" is used only for the island, not its people, National Geographic Style Manual
^ Central Agency Intelligence (2009). "Madagascar." The World Factbook. https: / / www.cia.gov / library / publications / the-World-Factbook / geos / ma.html. Retrieved on 09 January 2010.
Abcd ^ "Madagascar." International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=674&s=NGDPD, NGDPDPC, PPPGDP, PPPPC, LP & grp = 0 & & a = 54 = & pr.x pr.y = 18. Retrieved on 10/01/2009.
^ Human Development Index, Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 35. Retrieved on June 1, 2009
^ BBC Science | NEWS / Nature | Giant palm tree puzzles botanists
^ Malagasy languages Britannica Encyclopdia
^ Migration from Kalimantan to Madagascar by OC Dahl
Archaeology ^, Language, and the past of Africa by Roger Blench
^ Diaspora African Indian Ocean by Shihan S. Jayasuriya, 82 Richard Pankhurst PG
^ "Background Note: Madagascar." U.S. Department of State. Http: / / www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5460.htm. Retrieved 08/12/2008.
^ Cities of the Middle East and North Africa by Michael Dumper, Bruce E. Stanley, Janet L. Abu-Lughod on page 391
^ Kingdoms of Madagascar: Maroserana and Merina
^ "Madagascar." Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_ (1913), Madagascar.
^ Vincent, Rose (1990). The French in India: From Diamond Traders to Sanskrit Scholars. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 0-8613-2259-2.
^ From Madagascar to the Malagasy Republic, by Raymond K. Kent PG 6571
^ Madagascar: A historical and descriptive account of the Island and its former dependencies of Oliver Pasfield Samuel., P. 6. (Excerpted in Google Book Search)
^ Ranavalona I (Queen Merina). Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
^ Keith Laidler. Female Caligula. Ranavalona, the mad queen of Madagascar. Wiley (2005) -13 ISNB 978-0-470-02223-8 (HB).
^ (French) 1947 L'insurrection Madagascar – Jean Fremigacci – Marianne [dead link]
ab ^ IRIN Africa | South Africa | Madagascar | MADAGASCAR: 'Violence could escalate "| Government Conflict News |
^ IRIN Africa | South Africa | Madagascar | MADAGASCAR: Former president sentenced to five years in prison | Governance | News Item
^ IRIN Africa | Southern Africa | Madagascar | MADAGASCAR: Hoping for fair, transparent, non-controversial elections | Economy Government Other | Feature
^ IRIN Africa | South Africa | Madagascar | MADAGASCAR: Appeal despite political uncertainty | Children Economy Food Security Governance Health & Nutrition conflict …
^ Ab Corbett, Christina; McGreal, Chris (March 18, 2009). "Madagascar's president resigns as to rival claims." The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/18/madagascar-marc-ravalomanana.
^ Abc "Military backs" Madagascar rival. BBC News. March 17, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7949596.stm.
^ "Madagascar's opposition takes over as prime minister of office." Xinhua. March 14, 2009. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/14/content_11011120.htm.
^ "Madagascar's president resigns." Voice of America. http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-03-16-voa65.cfm. Retrieved on 17/03/2009.
^ The Union African suspended Madagascar 'coup' – Africa, World – The Independent
^ (UPDATE) Army puts opposition leader in Madagascar Position | Home> Sections> Other>> Latest news
^ The Eighth Continent: Life, Death, and Discovery in the Lost World of Madagascar
^ ab "News of science: a new genre of self-destructive Palm found in Madagascar ". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.kew.org/scihort/news/new_palm_genus.html. Retrieved on 30/01/2008.
^ Terrestrial Ecoregions – Madagascar subhumid forests (AT0118), National Geographic.
^ Davies, SJJF (2003)
^ Haunted lemurs, Eaten In the midst of civil unrest, group says. National Geographic News. August 21, 2009.
^ Science & the City | Public Gateway Academy New York Science
^ "Independent States in the world." United States Department of State. 20/03/2008. http://www.state.gov/s/inr/rls/4250.htm. Retrieved on 2008-05-24.
^ Madagascar – Country-Facts Goway travel experiences
^ "Made in Madagascar: Exporting Handicrafts to the U.S. market: a project with the UN Public-Private Alliance for Rural Development, Final Report, "a project with the UN Public-Private Alliance for Rural Development.
^ Madagascar – Mining: Mining of heavy minerals
^ Rio Tinto Madagascar project
^ "Africa rejects coup in Madagascar" bbc.co.uk 20 March 2009 Link accessed March 20, 2009
^ U.S. Library of Congress, "Madagascar – Minorities"
^ Des rapports sociaux L'ethnicisation Madagascar
^ "Ethnic Strife Madagascar rocks." BBC News. May 14, 2002.
^ Abcdefg http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_MDG.html
^ "Le malgache et le franais sont les langues OFFICIAL of the République malgache". Constitution, art Titre R,. 2, Constitutional Law October 14, 1958.
^ Haute Cour constitutionnelle In Madagascar, Dcision n03-HCC/D2 du 12 avril 2000
^ Madagascar adopts English as official language, ClickAfrique.com, April 10, 2007.
Ab ^ http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/madagascar_statistics.html
^ Madagascar and Africa III. The Anteimoro: a theocracy in southeastern Madagascar, by Kent RK El Diario African History 62 1969 PG
^ "Vision of Humanity." Vision of Humanity. http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi/home.php. Retrieved 04/02/2010.
External Links
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Government
The Government of Madagascar
National Assembly of Madagascar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Madagascar
Embassies and Consulates
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Head of State and Cabinet members, CIA
General information
Country Profile BBC News
Madagascar The World Factbook entry
UCB Libraries GovPubs Madagascar
Madagascar at the Open Directory Project
Wikimedia Atlas of Madagascar
Madagascar travel guide Wikitravel
Media News
Madagascar humanitarian news and analysis UN IRIN
Madagascar links headlines allAfrica.com flat
Ecology
Madagascar National Parks and Reserves of the park's official website
Madagascar Conservation International page views
Wildlife Conservation MWC Madagascar is a nonprofit association of Madagascar, which organizes and carries out projects to community-based conservation
New York Academy of Sciences of Conservation of Madagascar by Helen Crowley Podcast
Madagascar history of conservation
Journal of Madagascar Conservation and Development
Miscellaneous
The Madagascar project created to help communities address the root Malagasy and the effects of poverty
Old maps of Madagascar for the library CGT (CNRS, France)
Azafady charity and nongovernmental organizations working in southeast Madagascar Madagascar to alleviate poverty, improve well-being and protect beautiful unique environments, with the help of its award-winning volunteer programs.
Madagascar Shama Foundation charity which provides scholarships for disadvantaged students in Madagascar
Reviews of La Haute Cour du Constitutionelle Madagascar
Blue Enterprises award winning nonprofit organization organization dedicated to facilitating projects and expeditions that enhance global conservation and marine research. Based in South Andavadoaka west coast of Madagascar.
Foko-Madagascar nonprofit organization and Rising Voices grantees project dedicated to the use of ICT as a tool to promote sustainable development, especially the combination of human development and the protection of the environment.
WildMadagascar.org general, news, photos, cultural history. English and French
Madagascar Madagascar Pictures
Palmarium The reserve is located on the east coast of Madagascar.
Keelung, Keelung is an organization dedicated to helping primary schools rural infrastructure and teachers

Articles Related to Madagascar

Local geographical
Lat. and Long. 1855 4731 / 18.917S 47.517E / 18 917, 47 517 (Antananarivo)
EV
Countries and territories of Africa
West Africa
Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia, Mali, Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo
North Africa
Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia
Central Africa
Angola Burundi Cameroon Chad Central Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Rwanda So Tom and prince
East Africa
Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Seychelles Somalia Uganda Zambia Tanzanian Zimbabwe
South Africa
Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland
States with
limited recognition
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic of Somaliland
Mostly Africa
France (Runion) Italy (Pantelleria) Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / Places of Sovereign) Yemen (Socotra)
Dependencies
Epars Iles (France) Mayotte (France) St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
Disputed Areas
Western Sahara
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Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean
Africa
Comoros Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Mayotte Mozambique Seychelles Somalia South Africa Sudan Tanzania Runion
Asia
Bahrain Bangladesh Burma Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Malaysia Maldives Oman Pakistan Qatar Saudi Arabia Arab Emirates Yemen Sri Lanka Thailand
Oceania
Australia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Islands
Bahrain British Indian Ocean Territory of Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Madagascar Maldives Mauritius Mayotte Comoros Runion Seychelles Sri Lanka

International membership
EV
Southern African Development Community (SADC)
Member States
Angola Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe
Leaders
Chairpersons: Levy Mwanawasa, Kgalema Motlanthe
Tomaz General Secretaries: Kaire Mbuende Prega Ramsamy Salomo
See also
Southern Africa Coordination Conference Development Southern African Customs Union Common Monetary Area of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
EV
African African Union (AU)
Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic Cte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Namibia Mozambique Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic of So Tom and Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia princes South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
EV
Portuguese Empire
North Africa
15th century
Ceuta 14151640
14581550 Alccer Ceguer (The Qsar is Seghir)
14711550 Arzila (Asilah)
Tangier 14711662
14851550 Mazagan (El Jadida)
1487 Ouadane half 16th century
14881541 Safim (Safi)
16th century
15051769 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gu (Agadir)
15061525 Mogador (Essaouira)
Sharpen 15061525 (Souira Guedima)
15061769 Mazagan (El Jadida)
15131541 Azamor (Azemmour)
15771589 Arzila (Asilah)
Sub-Saharan Africa
15th century
Arguin 14551633
So Tom1 14701975
Annobn 14741778
14781778 Fernando Poo (Bioko)
14821637 Elmina (So Jorge da Mina)
Portuguese 14821642 Gold Coast
14961550 Madagascar (part)
14981540 Mascarene Islands
16th century
Malindi 15001630
Prncipe1 15001975
E. 15011975 Portuguese Africa (Mozambique)
St. Helena 15021659
15031698 Zanzibar
15051512 Quloa (Kilwa)
Socotra 15061511
Accra 15571578
15751975 Portuguese West Africa (Angola)
Cacheu2 15881974
15931698 Mombasa (Mombasa)
17th century
Cape Verde 16421975
Ziguinchor 16451888
So Joo 16801961 Ajud Baptist
Bissau2 16871974
18th century
17281729 Mombasa (Mombasa)
17531975 So Tom and prince
19th century
Portuguese Guinea 18791974
18851975 Portuguese Congo (Cabinda)
So that part of Tom and prince of 1753. 2 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.
Southwest Asia
16th century
15061615 Gamru (Bandar-Abbas)
Sohar 15071643
15151622 Hormuz (Ormus)
Quriyat 15151648
1515? Qalhat
Muscat 15151650
1515? Barka
15151633? Julfa (Ras al-Khaimah)
Bahrain 15211602 (Muharraq and Manama)
15211529? Qatif
1521? 1551? Isle of Tarut
Qatif 15501551
Matrah 15881648
17th century
1620? Khor Fakkan
1621? As Sib
Qeshm 16211622
1623? Khasab
1623? Libedia
1624? Kalba
1624? Madha
Dibba Al-Hisn 16241648
1624? Bandar-e Kong
Indian subcontinent
15th century
14981545 Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep)
16th century
Portuguese India
15001663 Cochim (Kochi)
15021661 Quilon (Coul / Kollam)
15021663 Cannanore (Kannur)
15071657 Negapatam (Nagapatnam)
Goa 15101962
15121525 Calicut (Kozhikode)
Bandana 15181619 (Pulicat)
Chaul 15211740
Mylapore 15231662
Chittagong 15281666
15341601 Salsette Island
15341661 Bombay (Mumbai)
15351739 Baam (Vasai-Turn)
15361662 Cranganore (Kodungallur)
Surat 15401612
15481658 Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)
Daman and Diu 15591962
Mangalore 15681659
Hugli 15791632
Masulipatnam 15981610 (Machilipatnam)
Maldives 15181521
15181658 Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
Maldives 15581573
17th century
Portuguese India
Mylapore 16871749
18th century
Portuguese India
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 17791954
East Asia and Oceania
16th century
Portuguese Malacca 15111641
15121621 Banda Islands
15121621 Maluku (Moluccas)
Ternate 15221575
Ambon 15761605
Tidore 15781650
Makassar 15121665
Macao 15531999
15331545 Ningbo
15711639 Decima (Dejima, Nagasaki)
17th century
16421975 Portuguese Timor (East Timor) 1
19th century
Macao
18641999 Coloane
Portas 18491999 do Cerco
Taipa 18511999
Isla Verde 18901999
20th century
Macao
19381941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)
January 1975 is the date of the Declaration of Timor East of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, the independence of East Timor was recognized by Portugal and the rest of the world.
North America and the Ocean North Atlantic
15th century
Madeira 1420
Azores 1432
16th century
15001579? Terra Nova (Newfoundland)
15001579? Labrador
15161579? Nova Scotia
Central and South America
16th century
Brazil 15001822
Barbados 15361620
17th century
Sacramento Nova do Colnia 16801777
19th century
18081822 Cisplatin (Uruguay)
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia

Languages
EV
Member States and observers of the Francophonie
Members
Albania Andorra Armenia Belgium (French Community) Benin Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada (New Brunswick Quebec) Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Cyprus1 Republic of the Congo Cte d'Ivoire Dominica Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea France (French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Saint Pierre and Miquelon) Gabon Ghana1 Greece Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Laos Luxembourg Lebanon Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius Macedonia2 Moldova Monaco Morocco Niger Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Senegal Seychelles Switzerland So Tom and prince Togo Tunisia Vanuatu Vietnam
Observers
Lithuania Austria Croatia Czech Republic Georgia Hungary Latvia Mozambique Poland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Ukraine Thailand
1 member associated. 2 provisionally referred to the Francophonie of the Republic as "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, see Macedonia name dispute.
EV
Austronesian-speaking countries and territories
Formosa
Taiwan
Malayo-Polynesian
American Samoa Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia Island Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cook Islands Easter Island East Timor Fiji French Polynesia Guam Hainan Indonesia Kiribati Madagascar Malaysia Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Caledonia Niue FS New Zealand Northern Mariana Islands Orchid Island Palau Papua New Guinea Philippines Samoa Singapore Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Suriname Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu, United States (Hawaii) Wallis and Futuna Vanuatu Vietnam
EV
English-speaking world
Anglosphere
Dark blue: Countries and territories where English is spoken by a native population significant.
Light blue: countries where English is an official language, but is not widely spoken.
Click on the regions of color to see the related article.

The regions where English is the official language and spoken by a significant population:
Africa
Mauritius Nigeria South Africa Saint Helena
Americas
Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Dominica Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Netherlands Antilles (Saba, St. Eustatius, St. Maarten) St. Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia States Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago and Caicos Islands United States U.S. Virgin Islands
Asia
Philippines Hong Kong Singapore
Europe
Malta Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Republic of Ireland United Kingdom Jersey
Oceania
Australia Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau

Regions where English is an official language, but not spoken lot:
Africa
Botswana Cameroon Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Namibia Rwanda Sierra Leone Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
Americas
Puerto Rico
Asia
India and Pakistan Malaysia
Oceania
Fiji Solomon Islands Papua New Guinea
English Wikipedia
Categories: Madagascar | Africa | African Union member states | Countries Indian Ocean | East Africa | Francophone countries | Countries Island | Islands of Africa | Islands of Madagascar | Least Developed Countries Countries | Malay-speaking and territories | Member states of La Francophonie | Physiographic Provinces | South Africa | States and territories established 1960Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with external links dead since April 2009 | Wikipedia pages indefinitely semi-protected | Articles containing French language text | All articles lacking sources | Articles lacking reliable references from June 2008 | Articles with links needing disambiguation | Articles lacking reliable references from December 2007 | Articles lacking reliable references from August 2009 About the Author

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